Physical neural networks (PNNs) are a class of neural-like networks that make use of analogue physical systems to perform computations. Although at present confined to small-scale laboratory ...

A technical paper titled “Training neural networks with end-to-end optical backpropagation” was published by researchers at University of Oxford and Lumai Ltd. “Optics is an exciting route for the ...

Obtaining the gradient of what's known as the loss function is an essential step to establish the backpropagation algorithm developed by University of Michigan researchers to train a material. The ...